Extent of shop fabrication is often written too generally in equipment datasheets, although it directly affects execution cost. In HRSGs, modularization defines how large the coil bundles are, how much adjacent steel is attached in the shop, and how much Read more…
Water and steam react with most metals to form oxides or hydroxides. Formation of a protective oxide layer such as magnetite (Fe₃O₄) on the metal surface causes reaction rates to slow with time. 💧 Boiler cycle water treatment programs are Read more…
In gas turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs), economizer steaming is a common challenge—especially during low or part-load operation. When exhaust gas temperature drops (e.g., 385°C vs. 500°C), steam generation in the evaporator and superheater decreases. The economizer, however, still Read more…
If back pressure in steam condensate return header is more than the steam pressure in the heat exchanger or process equipment, a phenomenon, known as a ‘stall’ condition occurs. It causes steam condensate to build up and sub-cool in the Read more…
You are a fired heater designer and you are supposed to design a direct fired heater for a refinery process. You are clearly required by client specifications to design with an average heat flux density of 12,000 Btu/h.ft2. Now the Read more…
Different Erosion Categories Faced in Industry Erosion in industrial systems refers to the gradual wear and tear of materials due to mechanical action or chemical reactions with fluid particles. It can be broadly categorized into: Liquid Droplet Erosion Liquid droplet Read more…
Thanks to all of you who have participated and supported me, we, together, successfully held the webinar “Process Direct Fired Heaters; An introductory lecture” alongside a very useful and engaging Q&A session at the end and spent one hell of Read more…
In thermal oxidizers and incinerators, one big issue is where to introduce the waste in the combustion chamber. Let’s take a look at the concerns on this: Waste gases and waste liquids that are not capable of burning as a Read more…
To properly control the combustion air, O2 and CO must be measured at the top of the radiant section where combustion is completed, regardless of the burner loading. Note that O2 and CO will coexist within the flames, where the Read more…
At first thermal oxidizers look like direct fired heaters, but as you look closer there is way more to that. As I explained in my previous posts, the goal is to reach a degree of destruction of the waste material. Read more…